The quality of the seeds of corn hybrids subject to the methods of their harvesting and drying

Abstract

Goal. To establish the peculiarities of the formation of the quality of the seeds of corn hybrids, to determine the optimal harvesting dates and drying methods, which can be used to obtain high-quality seed material and reduce energy costs for its processing. Methods. Laboratory — to determine indicators of the sowing quality of seeds (weight of 1000 seeds, germination, moisture); field — to study yield properties of hybrids (yield of dry grain); mathematical-statistical — for dispersion analysis and statistical processing of data to establish reliable differences between them. Harvesting and drying experiments were carried out by simulation on laboratory equipment and in production conditions with the involvement of industrial harvesters and dryers. Results. Abnormalities and indicators of seed quality formation of corn hybrids at the stages of ripening, harvesting, and drying were revealed. At the stage of ripening, the mass of 1000 seeds increased, both actual and in terms of dry matter, which occurred when the grain dried to a moisture content of 28–30%, depending on the maturity group of the hybrids and weather and climate conditions. At the stages of harvesting and drying, the germination of seeds was formed depending on the group of ripeness, humidity, and heat resistance of hybrids, the condition level (not lower than 92%) of germination was reached at a humidity of 32–40%. In the drying process, the optimal ratio between the heating temperature and the moisture of the seeds was established, during which the germination increased by 2–8% compared to the control (ventilation of the cobs). Conclusions. To obtain high-quality corn seeds, it is recommended to start harvesting at a humidity of 28–32%, at which the physiological maturity of hybrids occurs. For drying cobs with humidity up to 32%, the temperature regime should be within 35–40 °C, with lower humidity, the temperature can be increased to 40–45 °C. To reduce energy consumption, it is allowed to dry seed corn in grain, but at a humidity not higher than 22%, with the control of several indicators — injury, growth strength, and varietal purity of the seed material.