Some aspects of the interaction of the factors of intensification of the techno­logy of growing winter wheat with the forecasted yield

Abstract

Goal. To study the influence of complex application of high-yielding varieties of winter wheat, doses of mineral fertilizers established by different methods, and high-intensity crop care on grain yield and economic efficiency of its cultivation in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe. Methods. Visual — to establish the phenological phases of growth and development of the crop; numerical — to determine the parameters of the crop structure and crop yield; chemical — to determine the content of nutrients in the soil; mathematical and statistical — to assess the reliability of research results; calculation-comparative — to analyze economic efficiency. Results. The results of research aimed at increasing the yield of winter wheat grain in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe up to 10.0 t/ha by selecting the most productive varieties, and improving fertilization and crop care systems are highlighted. It was established that, on average, for 2021–2023, in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe, with the optimal content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and the use of by-products for fertilization, it was sufficient to apply mineral fertilizers in a dose of N207P74K49, calculated to compensate the removal of nutrients from the soil by 10 t/ha of grain. To obtain the planned yield of winter wheat, it is important to select a variety with the appropriate productivity potential. On average, over 3 years of research, depending on fertilization and the intensity of care, the Hubery hybrid formed a grain yield of 9.45–9.87 t/ha, Astarta, Kraievyd, and Hlaukus varieties — 8.37–9.69 t / ha. On the backgrounds of N207P74K49, and N280P180K200, the use of intensive care compared to the basic one helped to increase the yield of winter wheat varieties, respectively: Astarta — by 8.2 and 3.4%, Kraievyd — 9.6 and 5.5, Hlaukus — 7.4–7.4, the Hubery hybrid — by 2.2–4.4%. With the use of the N207P74K49 for the basic and intensive systems of crop care, depending on the variety, 20722–24220 and 22519–24815 UAH/ha of conditional profit were obtained, respectively, against the background of N280P180K200 — 13758–15103 and 13428–16788 UAH/ha, respectively. The highest conditional profit (UAH 24,815/ha) was obtained for the cultivation of the Kraievyd variety with the application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N207P74K49 in a complex with intensive protection. Conclusions. Varieties of winter wheat Astarta, Kraievyd, Hlaukus, and hybrid Hubery, depending on fertilization and the intensity of crop care, formed a grain yield of 8.37–9.09 t / ha, 8.64–9.47, 8.78–9.69, and 9.45–9.87 t/ha, respectively. With an increased content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers from N207P74K49 to N280P180K200, the yield usually did not increase. Increasing the intensity of crop care contributed to an increase in yield by 2.2–9.6%.