Productivity of winter wheat depending on the influence of fertilizer systems and water supply modes on sod-podzolic soil in short-term crop rotation

Abstract

Goal. To substantiate scientifically and develop innovative technological measures on the possibilities and feasibility of producing seeds and marketable grain of winter wheat in the system of drained agriculture, taking into account modern changes in weather conditions of the Polossia zone of Ukraine. Methods. Field — to determine the productivity and biometric parameters of the studied cultures; lysimetric (lysimeters-collectors and lysimeters-evaporators) — to study the soil and lysimetric water samples; laboratory-analytical — to determine the chemical composition of soil and water; mathematical and comparative calculation — to determine the quantitative losses of biogenic elements from the root-containing soil layer by the amount of filtered water and the concentration of elements in the solution. The experimental data was processed using Microsoft Office Excel 10. The study was conducted at the scientific and experimental base of the Institute of Agriculture of Polissia of NAAS in 2021–2024. Results. The productivity of winter wheat in Polissia conditions on drained sod-podzolic soil in short-term crop rotation depended on fertilization and plant water supply regimes. With the introduction of the regulated water-air regime of the soil and the use of a set of necessary agrotechnical measures, the crop yield in the experiment increased by an average of 0.54 t/ha (17.7%) compared to the indicator for natural moistening. The influence of fertilizer systems on the formation of winter wheat productivity was more significant than water regulation. At the same time due to optimization of nutrient and water-air regimes (background of effective soil fertility) crop yield increased by 0.7–1.7 t/ha (under control — 2.62 t/ha). This indicated that in the conditions of the functioning of a perfect reclamation system, such agrotechnological measure was a significant factor that provided a new level of yield of winter wheat — 3.31–4.27 t/ha (with a payback of 1 kg of a.u. of fertilizer), and grain growth at the level of 12.3–15.8 kg. Conclusions. Promising competitive climate-oriented technologies for growing winter wheat in the system of drained agriculture are based on targeted optimization of water-air and nutritional regimes of drained soil and scientifically based modern approaches to plant nutrition management that can reduce the risks associated with climatic conditions.