Efficiency of agrochemical monitoring of soils as a tool for optimizing the fertilizer system

Abstract

Goal. To assess the effectiveness of agrochemical monitoring of soils as a tool for optimizing the fertilizer system in Ukraine, to determine the economic feasibility of introducing precision farming technologies, and to outline the main barriers to their application. Methods. Agrochemical monitoring of soils involves a combination of classical sampling methods and modern sensor technologies. The study used 3 main methods: network, zone, and random, with the selection of cores from a depth of 30 cm. Laboratory analysis consisted of determining pH (potentiometrically), humus content (Tiurin method), available phosphorus and potassium (Chyrikov method), and using spectroscopic methods (Vis-NIR, NIR, MIR) and ICP-OES for microelements. Field sensor technologies included dielectric moisture sensors (TDR-probes), mechanical soil compaction sensors, and portable nutrient analyzers. The data was integrated with drone GPS-images, processed using geographic information systems and machine learning algorithms to form agrochemical maps and spatial variability models. Results. It was determined that agrochemical monitoring provided systematic monitoring of soil condition, allowed for assessing the level of nutrients, risks of degradation, and made informed management decisions on fertilization. The use of precision farming technologies (variable fertilizer application rate, VRT) helped to reduce nitrogen standards by 14 kg/ha, increase fertilizer use efficiency by 7–14%, and save fertilizer costs up to 2000 UAH/ha without reducing yield. The integration of laboratory and sensory data helped to predict plant nutrient needs and minimize environmental losses. Conclusions. It was determined that agrochemical monitoring of soils was a strategic tool for optimizing the fertilizer system and increasing the productivity of crops. Its implementation ensured economic efficiency, reducing fertilizer costs and the negative impact on the environment. Further development of digital monitoring systems and real-time data integration is a key condition for increasing the sustainability and efficiency of modern Ukrainian agriculture.